نشریه معماری و شهرسازی آرمان شهر
پیاپی 40 (پاییز 1401)

Urban parks provide good opportunities to improve the physical and mental health of people. Many studies in this field have addressed the relationship between nature and improving people's health, but less research has been done on the effects of certain landscape components on physical and mental health. In this study, the effects of three different landscape types including lake, green hill and grass area with geometric design in Sydney Olympic City Park on psychological and physical activities of individuals based on physiological indicators (blood pressure, blood sugar and electroencephalogram) as well as psychological criteria are investigated. The research method is descriptive-survey and the data collection method is based on physiological changes and perceived mental experience based on blood pressure monitor, blood glucose monitor, and EEG electroencephalography device on 60 visitors to the park. The POMS questionnaire was also used. Paired t-test and ANOVA were used to analyze the mean values of physiological data and in case of differences between the effects, Bonferroni test was used as a post hoc test. Wilcoxon test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to analyze the mean of psychological data and statistical analysis was performed by SPSS software and finally based on P-value <0.05 or <0.01 was used to show statistically significant results. The results show that the three types of landscape selection lead to different physiological reactions and mental states of individuals. Thus, the green hill is associated with more health experiences compared to the other two places studied (lake and grass area) and the topographic landscape with forest perspective has a higher level of health.

In the current policy makings in urban construction in Kerman and other cities of Iran, merely the arrangement of the blocks of a residential complex has been noticed and no attention has been paid to other passing paths for the residents and the audiences who refer to these regions for the first time. The purpose of this research, considering the psychological aspects and increasing the quality level of the mentioned spaces, is to find elements and spatial features that facilitate the wayfinding process in the space between the blocks. The main question is that: How can the factors affecting the wayfinding in the intermediate residential space be increased in the pre-operation stage when the designer does not have access to inhabitants?In this research, using the methods of verifying the visual perception of the inhabitants in three case studies, in combination with specialized software for measuring visual factors in an intermediate space such as Depthmap, the visual perception measuring tool was placed in the pre-operation stage. Also analysis data in SPSS software, with statistical society content of 90 persons.The result showed that the subsets of environmental, human and visual components in Semantic components are Accessibility-Security and Surveillance-Pedestrian-Readability-Social Vitality and in Environmental components are Sign-path-edge-node-light stimulus-spatial sequence-form-color-contrast and in visual components are Area-environment-closure-circularity- and compaction ., each of which is effective at different levels of interstitial space and in the field of leg readability. Upgrade the pre-operational stage factors when the designer does not have access to the inhabitants.so this can effective for designers .

The yard, as one of the most important elements of indigenous architecture, has taken on different physical patterns in different climates, observing the principle of adaptation to the environment. These features and differences can be assumed as variables and criteria for climate analysis of the central courtyard of native houses between the climates of the study area. Criteria are determined according to the common physical characteristics of the samples, the degree of influence of environmental conditions and spatial organization. Therefore, the present study, with the aim of physically examining the central courtyard and identifying the influential factors of hot and dry climate, tries to provide a new perspective in achieving a common design for the inhabitants of this climate. The type of research is fundamental-applied and its method is descriptive-analytical. The sample size is focused on the climatic and environmental role of the yard and its walls and the selection of twenty samples of historical houses in Yazd, which are in the climatic zone of the hot and dry region of Iran BWhs, has been used. The collected data were analyzed in the form of graphs and tables using SPSS software. The results of this study show that the orientation and physical-climatic components are of great importance and can be used as effective factors in the design of houses. Also, based on the results of the analysis, the best relationship between the length and width of a yard was obtained with three linear equations for designing yards based on geometric ratios. Considering the results of the design results, significant effects of sustainable architecture can be achieved.

One of the problems in locomotor rehabilitation is the lack of cooperation and participation of disabled people in the rehabilitation process. The participation of disabled people brings obvious physical, psychological, and social benefits for them. The sense of place influences these people's motivation and desire to attend and participate in the activities in the environment. Experiencing desirable feelings in the rehabilitation environment encourages these people to participate in the activities. The present study aims to investigate the effect of the physical components of the sense of place on the disabled's participation and cooperation in activities in rehabilitation environments by enhancing their self-worth and self-esteem. This study is applied and explanatory research which is carried out through a survey, and in which the data are analyzed using correlation tests and structural equation modeling. The statistical population includes all patients with acquired locomotor disabilities who refer to occupational therapy centers in District 1 of Rasht city, out of which 46 physically disabled people are selected as samples using the convenience sampling technique. the required data are colled using a researcher-made questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha of the research variables is estimated to be >0.7. The data are analyzed using the SPSS22 and AMOS22 software. Correlation tables confirm the mutual relationships between research variables. The path coefficient going from the sense of place components into self-esteem is equal to 0.74 and the path coefficient going from self-esteem into the participation of the disabled is equal to 69.0.  Since the indirect effect is obtained to be 0.510, it can be said that self-esteem mediates the effect of sense of place components on the disabled's participation in rehabilitation. The results indicate that using the physical components of the sense of place, creating desirable feelings in the disabled, and enhancing their self-esteem are effective in the cooperation and participation of the disabled in the rehabilitation process.

Spiritual resilience is one of the most important and fundamental determinants of people's health. Spiritual resilience causes people to use their existing capacities to achieve success and growth of individual life in difficult situations and despite the risk factors, and use these challenges as an opportunity to empower and improve their quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of natural light spiritual symbol in ebadi space (mosque) on users' spiritual resilience through the mediat role of spiritual intelligence. The method of this study is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of this study consisted of all worshippers from 10 selected mosques of Qajar period mosques in Shiraz city who were selected by simple random sampling method using Cochran formula (171 persons). In this study, three questionnaires of spiritual symbolism, spiritual intelligence and resilience were used as research tools with reliability coefficients of 0.86, 0.89 and 0.83, respectively. Data were analyzed using correlation coefficient and multiple regression in SPSS software. The results showed that there is a positive relationship between spiritual symbolism and spiritual resilience and variables of spiritual symbolism and spiritual intelligence can predict spiritual resilience. Also, among the spiritual symbols of mosques, the symbol of "light" has a greater role in explaining spiritual intelligence. According to the results of this study, spiritual symbolization, especially with natural light in worship spaces, while activating the conscious part of the mind, is effective in the function of spiritual intelligence and provides the necessary platform for creating spiritual resilience.

The concept of flexibility has been considered in Iranian rural residences since the past. However, contemporary socio-economic changes in the structural have lead to extensive evolutions within the architectural pattern of rural houses; such that it seems the concept of flexibility attracts less and less attention in the present day. Meanwhile, the old rural residence architecture has a number of valuable characteristics and standards regarding the flexibility. Hence, the present study aims to examine the manifestations of architectural flexibility within rural residences. This is an applied research in terms of purpose and a descriptive analytic study in terms of methodology. The main manifestations of flexibility (diversity, adaptability, changeability) are identified through examination of the library resources regarding architectural flexibility; then those manifestations were analyzed and compared within six characteristics patterns in Tazareh village throughout the field studies. This study suggests that all the residential building patterns are flexible in the Tazareh village and in all the micro-spaces of these patterns, there is a manifestation of flexibility, while a higher level of architectural flexibility exists in the plans with higher numbers of yards, floors, porches and entrances. As our results suggest, planning for the elements such as multiple yards next to the building mass or multiple masses next to the yard, various entrances and floors (two storey houses) that allows for division of the building between more than one households or various applications are amongst the most effective factors of a flexible design in rural residences. Therefore, the factor of “changeability” in flexibility is the main design factor in rural houses.

Providing space security through visual access to the home is one of the most important components of life continuity in historical contexts. This component has a direct relation to the concept of quality and is affected by various social, economic, psychological, and physical factors. The present study, based on the space syntax technique and using UCL Dept hmap 10، software, has studied the visual accessibility of the interior spaces of residential buildings in the historical context of Bushehr. Explaining how to create visual access in the historic houses of Bushehr and the type of impact on improving security is the most important goal of this study. The research is qualitative and relies on analysis and gauging. For this purpose, first have been studied the visual access index and how it is related to security and in the field analysis section, the characteristics have been measured in eleven historic houses of Bushehr. Findings indicate that the visual access index in the interior spaces of the house, by being placed next to components, behaves differently compared to urban spaces. Based on the analysis of orientation diagrams, Bushehr historic houses are not very complex in terms of access hierarchy and their orientation diagrams are chained and access to the interior spaces of these houses is very easy. The results show that in shallow spaces, there is the highest amount of visual access and with the clustering of the explanatory chart, the depth of space increases, and the amount of visual access decreases. Also, with increasing visual access, the security of other spaces increases, and their accessibility decreases. As a result, the role of visual access changes according to the type of space use, and increasing this component in semi-private spaces will ensure the security of private spaces.

The urban environment can simultaneously form the users’ behaviors and also can be adaptable by users’ behaviors, therefore creating spaces based on the desires as well as needs of users seems necessary in order to create a lively and dynamic urban space due to achieving to the maximum of residents’ satisfaction. Accordingly, this study has tried to investigate the preferences of users of an urban space and based on gained data from users’ experiences, makes an effort to achieve to a desirable space that is parallel with the demands and needs of users. The field study of this research is included two main stages: the first stage is conducted by an observational study. In the second stage, an interview was conducted with users in the form of a semi-structured questionnaire consisting of a combination of survey, scoring, prioritization, and explanatory questions. The final number of questionnaires was 324. In addition, an attempt was made to collect all the information extracted from the questionnaires in the form of simple and legible tables as the main interview data. The analysis are conducted by utilizing the qualitative content analysis also in some cases, the categorization of items and data was used. As a result, the most important items that cause user dissatisfaction were classified into three components: interference, disturbance, and noise (noise pollution), and finally, these items and components are a subset of Categories that affect users' environmental preferences include privacy, safety, security, noise pollution, spatial hierarchy, and pedestrianism, and suggestions have been presented to improve them. Also, using the Uman-Whitney test, it was found that the lighting system of the area was not appropriate at night, while users were satisfied with the amount of urban furniture. Adequacy of rest spaces is also one of the demands of users in the area.

The concept of neighborhood has long been one of the most fundamental concepts in architecture and urban planning, especially in Iranian Islamic architecture and urban planning. The problem that has formed the main focus of this research is the qualitative decline of neighborhood relations in the neighborhoods of contemporary Iranian cities. Accordingly, this paper attempts to address the key question of whether there is a reasonable relationship between the physical structure of residential neighborhoods and the neighborhood relations.This research is of correlation type so that the physical structure of residential neighborhood (in terms of villa or apartment) is considered as independent variable and social interactions and in particular, face-to-face relationships between neighbors is considered as dependent variables. Data collection was done by library and field methods (questionnaire). The questionnaires were distributed among 300 residential units out of a total of 581 residential units in four residential districts of Qom which two of them have villa structure and the other two have apartment structure. In the selection process of locations and samples, it has been attempted to control other independent variables such as financial status of individuals, the time of their residence in neighborhood and etc. (except for the physical structure variable) affecting the dependent variable, namely face to face interactions. According to the findings of this study, there is a significant relationship between the physical structure of the residential neighborhood in the four residential contexts of Qom city and social interactions, and in particular, face to face relationships of neighbors; so that face to face interactions between neighbors are much higher in villas than in apartment neighborhood.Keywords: Neighborhood Relationships, Villas contexts, Apartment Complexes, Face to Face Interactions

Architecture Emerges Through Form. In Creating The Architectural Form, In Addition To The Factors Affecting The Appearance, The Factors Affecting Its Semantic Dimension Are Also Important. If The Need To Create The Good Architecture Is To Achieve A Good Form, One Can Ask How The Good Architectural Form Is Formed? And What Level Should The Various Factors Affecting The Formation Of The Form Have In Order To Achieve A Good Form? This Study Tries To Determine And Categorize The Effect Of These Factors By Expressing The Concept Of Form And Explaining Its Various Aspects While Extracting The Factors Influencing The Formation Of The Form. For This Purpose, Using Descriptive-Analytical Method And By Studying Library Resources While Examining The Concept Of Form And Its Various Aspects, With Emphasis On The Architectural Form, The Factors Influencing Its Creation Were Classified Among The Collected Texts And Sources. To Create A Correct Hierarchy Of These Factors, Using A Questionnaire From Experts And Professionals, The Effect Of Each Factor On The Various Components Of The Form Was Collected And The Findings Were Analyzed Using SPSS And AHP Statistical Methods. After Determining The Effectiveness Of Factors, Their Correlation And The Significant Relationship Between Them And Different Components, These Factors Were Prioritized. In Order To Test The Research Findings, The Effect Of Various Factors On The Formation Of The Building Form Of The Cultural Heritage Organization As A Valuable Building In Contemporary Iranian Architecture Was Measured, The Results Of Which Confirm The Research Findings. The Results Indicate That The Important Factors On The Formation Of The Good Architectural Form Are Attention To The Historical Environment, Attention To The Natural Environment, Proportional Geometry, Coordination Of Components, Adherence To Values, Based On Appropriate Ideas And Materials.

Nowadays tourism is considered as the main part of global economy. This study investigates the effects of architectural quality of traditional accommodation of Yazd city on creating satisfaction for tourists with the mediating role of perceived value of building architecture. By examining the literature review, the perceived value considered in two levels include emotional and social that received by tourists during stay in traditional accommodation of Yazd city and also in two levels of objective and subjective quality of building architecture. In this study data collected from 111 tourists that resident in traditional accommodation in Yazd, As the second historic city in the world that has accommodations with architecture adapted to climate and nature condition. Indicators provide a good view of the tendency of tourists that resident in traditional accommodation Yazd city and the effects that its architecture can have on perceiving the quality of the environment, securance expectations of the accommodation space and perceiving the values in the architecture of traditional buildings. Also, the effect of perceiving these values on creating satisfaction for tourists examined. In order to analyze the data used structural equation modeling. For exploratory factor analysis and methodical factor analysis used SPSS and for indentify effective and efficient variables used partial least squares method by PLS software. The results showed that the stay of tourists in traditional accommodation of Yazd city is associated with receiving social and emotional values that are effective in creating tourist satisfaction. Also, the objective and mental quality of the building's architecture is effective in creating emotional and social values and the satisfaction of tourists.

Autism Spectrum disorder is a disturbance in the development of the nervous system, which, with a defect in thinking, feeling and excitement, creates a range of behavioral problems for these individuals. Patients with autism are sensitive to the surrounding environment due to inadequate sensory processing. Studies have shown that the architecture and design of educational schools can have positive effects in improving their behavioral problems; therefore, recognizing the architectural components affecting behavioral problems of these children seems to be important for architects. The purpose of this research is to identify and prioritize the criteria and sub-criteria of architecture affecting the behavioral problems of Autistic children. In order to achieve this goal, in the first step, we will examine the background, views, and criteria presented in previous studies. Then, using the Delphi method, the most important criteria for designing are used to identify and screen the design.The research method used in this article is a descriptive-analytical method. The decision group in this study included 20 architectures and educators with sufficient experience about the educational environment of Autistic children. In this research, the Fuzzy Delphi technique was used to identify and screen the most important architectural criteria, which two criteria of "environmental physical factors" and "space organization" were identified among the factors derived from the research background. Then, for demarcation of the criteria and cause and effect, and their ranking, the Fuzzy DEMATEL technique was used. As a result "Light", "Texture and Materials" and "Aacoustic" factors were ranked from first to third; Matlab and Excel software were also used to analyze the findings.

Explaining the objective-mental values derived from the native and Iranian identity in the Iranian garden has always been considered by landscape architects and green space and many designers and researchers of the Iranian garden have considered them as identifying features for designing spaces. The analysis of the Iranian garden using the theory of sight-shelter (a theory proposed in the design of green spaces) can show these values as much as possible. The indicators of this study are taken from the theory of vision-shelter, which is considered as one of the main theories in contemporary landscape design. The main question of the research is to what extent is the theory of vision shelter able to explain the quantitative and qualitative values of the Iranian garden?The research method of this research is descriptive-analytical and the techniques of comparative analysis and logical reasoning have been used. Qualitative data are provided with reference to related documents and texts and library studies. The analyzes have been done at both descriptive and inferential levels using the logic of comparative analysis. Measures related to the values of the Iranian garden include, breadth and breadth, orientation, comfort and tranquility, immortality, infinity, concentration of mind, charm and balance, centrality and organization of space, and measures related to vision-shelter; Complexity, vision, security and shelter, and the mystery of space.The results of this study show that the nature and quality values of the Iranian garden can not be explained through the theory of vision and only its general and common features with green spaces can be evaluated in this way. Iranian garden has unique qualities and characteristics that can not be measured and evaluated with quantitative and computational approaches.

Scientific-research journals have a prominent role in representing creativity and scientific findings in a specific field of science, which has not been comprehensive research in the field of architectural technology. Reviewing publications in terms of qualitative content and number of published articles can be an effective step in helping architectural researchers in this field.The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the general trend of articles published in the field of architectural technology in all scientific research journals in the country during the years 1398-58. In this study, which was conducted in the spring of 1999, 225 articles from 21 scientific research journals in the country were reviewed.The research method used in this research is qualitative and descriptive. First, by analyzing the qualitative content of the articles, a thematic classification was obtained and the issues of architectural technology were divided into eight subgroups, then, using statistical methods, the relationships between them were analyzed. In this study, ten parameters were considered for further investigation, which are:"Thematic contribution of articles", "Participation of institutions", "Publisher journals", "Scientific rank of authors", "Participation of scientific-specialized groups", "Sources and references used", "Year of publication", "Research method used "," Acceptance period "," Sources and references ".The results of this study show that the subject of "structure" has been the most discussed by researchers and the subject of "digital" has the least share.Among the authors, the number of senior students is significantly significant, which can be justified according to the orientation of architecture and technology at the senior level.The highest number of articles was during the years 1995-90, which shows the increasing attention to this issue among researchers in recent years and according to the needs of society on this issue, also the most used research method is descriptive-analytical.

Evaluation of students' architectural designs is one of the main basis of the exploring of learning in architecture education. Architectural design courses is the major part of architecture education in universities, hence proper evaluation can identify weaknesses and drawbacks of student designs and help to fix the shortcomings of its. Nowadays, design evaluations has become one of the dissatisfaction of students and they believe this is not being done properly. They also believe there are no proper criteria for design assessments and professors mostly evaluate these courses with personal manner. Therefore, it seems necessary to study the appropriate way of evaluating these courses, which are agreed upon by architecture professors and deal with different dimensions of architectural design.To achieve the goal, two main questions of the research, can be formulated as follows: 1 (What criteria should be considered in evaluating architectural design courses? 2(What is the weight of each criteria of evaluating architectural design courses?The research method is descriptive-analytical and it’s based on survey. Data were collected from library resources. Weighting of criteria and indicators for evaluating design courses was done by expert survey (Delphi) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the expert choice (EC) software has been used.The results showed that in order to accurately evaluate the architectural design courses, evaluation should be done during and after the semester. A pairwise comparison also shows that continuous evaluation (weight 0.645) is much more important than end-of-term evaluation (weight 0.335).In the continuous evaluation of students' academic achievement (weight 0.345) and observance of ethical and disciplinary issues (weight 0.293) are most important.In end-of-term evaluation, the quality of the design is definitely more important than the quality of the presentation and paying attention to the semantic dimension (weight 0.445) is more important than other dimensions of the architectural design.

Expanding urban green space and creating a network of green spaces in the city provides recreation and connecting with nature for citizens, by helping reduce air pollution, promote biodiversity and diversify the use of existing agricultural and horticultural lands, create urban active ecosystems. It has helped to expand social communication, improve security, and prosper the existing gardens and farmland, and as green infrastructure, can have an impact on the dynamics and sustainability of cities.In this study, the influencing infrastructure components on green network formation and examining the ecosystem services provided by it that extracted from previous research and library documents. the concentration of these components in 25 case studies of the urban green network in the world was investigated and analyzed. A descriptive-correlational analytic research method used. The sampling method is purposive. The study sample consists of 25 urban green infrastructure networks in different countries of the world. Samples were evaluated and scored on a 5-point Likert scale. The results show that in successful examples in the development of green infrastructure and the formation of urban green network, there are some basic components in the infrastructure and service sectors that require the formation of a green network and its expansion, the existence of these components which are mentioned in research findings and conclusions.The results show that the existence of infrastructure related to some ecosystem services does not necessarily lead to the provision of such services and the influential lateral areas play an essential role in the efficient delivery of ecosystem services.

Before the Industrial Revolution, urban neighborhoods had maintaining their natural, social and physical values, they responded to the relatively constant needs of their inhabitants. With the rapid growth of Iran's metropolises, old textures and ancient settlements and neighborhoods were threatened, and the need for urban restoration and re-creation of old textures was felt more than ever. In order to achieve the goal and to investigate the problems of these neighborhoods, an integrated method including descriptive, documentary, historical, scientific studies was used to determine the research method and policy and the indicators required to achieve the goals through the method. Delphi were confirmed and then the questionnaires were analyzed using the SWARA model. The ancient texture of the cities of Kerman, Shiraz and Isfahan, especially the neighborhoods of Qaleh Mahmoud Kerman, Sang-e Siah Shiraz and Haruniyeh of Isfahan, in addition to reflecting the history of development and cultural developments over time, are significant works of culture. And have included the civilization of the country on a national and global scale. They are for improvement and renovation. The results of analysis in all three neighborhoods showed that development stimulus projects in the historical urban context strengthen the sense of security and also the most important factor of lack of security in the worn texture is the shape and physical structure of the texture and analysis using From the SWARA model, it was shown that in the component indices of the sub-levels of the development stimulus dimension; Equipping and expanding public networks - and in the component indicators of the subset levels of the security dimension; Space scale - and in the component indices of the subset levels of the regeneration dimension; Attracting high-income families, attracting domestic capital and improving the employment status of residents are in the first place.